Resumo O cultivo de videiras em regiões com elevadas precipitações pluviométricas, como no sul do Brasil, envolve o uso de fungicidas para o controle das doenças fúngicas foliares. Estes fungicidas, normalmente, contêm em sua composição cobre (Cu) e zinco (Zn), promovendo o acúmulo desses metais no solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição de Cu e Zn nas frações físicas granulométricas em solos de vinhedos do sul do Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de solo (0-5 e 10-20 cm), em duas áreas de vinhedos e uma área de mata em três regiões do sul do Brasil, sendo uma no estado de Santa Catarina e duas no Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras da camada de 0-5 cm foram fracionadas em > 50 μm e < 50 μm. Nas amostras de solo e nas frações foram determinados os teores totais de Cu e Zn por fluorescência de raio-X. As áreas de vinhedos do sul do Brasil apresentam grandes variações nos teores totais de Cu e Zn, devido as distintas características dos solos e ao histórico de cultivo. Para o Cu não há distinção entre as frações, mas o Zn acumula, preferencialmente, na fração <50 μm.

Abstract The cultivation of vines in regions with high rainfall, as in southern Brazil, involves the use of fungicides to control foliar fungal diseases. These fungicides normally contain copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in their composition, promoting the accumulation of these metals in the soil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the distribution of Cu and Zn in the granulometric physical fractions in soils from vineyards in southern Brazil. Soil samples (0-5 and 10-20 cm) were collected in two areas of vineyards and a forest area in three regions of southern Brazil, one in Santa Catarina and two in Rio Grande do Sul states. Samples from the 0-5 cm layer were fractionated into > 50 μm and < 50 μm. In the soil samples and in the fractions, the total contents of Cu and Zn were determined by X-ray fluorescence. Vineyard areas in southern Brazil show great variations in total Cu and Zn contents, due to different soil characteristics and cultivation history. For Cu, there is no distinction between the fractions, but Zn accumulates, preferentially, in the fraction <50 μm.

ABSTRACT Bases are chemical species that donate electrons, accept protons, or release hydroxyls (OH–) in aqueous solution. In Soil Science, “base saturation”, “exchangeable bases” or “basic cations” has been widely used to distinguish Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ from H+ and Al3+ cations. This terminology is confusing since none of these cations are truly a base in chemistry sense. However, in the absence of the proposition of a correct term, the term “base saturation” remains in use nowadays, causing confusion among students, professionals, and even among professors and researchers in Soil Science, as it leads to the erroneous interpretation that the soil acidity can be corrected by adding these cations to the soil. Here, we present the historical background of this nomenclature and a theoretical foundation that justifies the abolition of the use of these terms in Soil Science. We consider that the most correct is to call it “Ca-Mg-K-Na saturation”, which, despite being long, would refer directly and without any misinterpretation of the terminology. In Soil Fertility, the “base saturation” is often calculated only as a function of the sum of Ca, Mg, and K, since the Na content is negligible in most tropical and subtropical soils. Thus, one could use the term “Ca-Mg-K saturation”. Likewise, it is also suggested to abolish the use of the term “sum of bases” and use the term “sum of Ca-Mg-K” or “sum of Ca-Mg-K-Na” instead when necessary.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações nas propriedades químicas do solo e o limite crítico ambiental para o fósforo (LCA-P), em vinhedos da região sul do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Amostras de solo foram coletadas às profundidades do solo 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, em vinhedos com 22, 36 e 60 anos de idade, e em uma área de mata nativa adjacente utilizada como referência. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: granulometria, pH em água, e teores trocáveis de Al, para cálculo de acidez potencial e saturação por Al; e teores disponíveis de P e K e teores trocáveis de Ca e Mg, para determinação de saturação por bases, capacidade de troca de cátions e matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Em comparação ao solo da mata, os solos dos vinhedos apresentaram aumento nos valores de pH, nos níveis de P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn e MOS, e na saturação por bases, além de redução na saturação de Al, com efeitos mais acentuados nas áreas com maior tempo de cultivo. Os vinhedos da região sul de Santa Catarina apresentam alterações nas propriedades químicas do solo, com o tempo, e teores de P acima do LCA-P, pelo menos em uma das camadas do solo.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in the soil chemical properties and the critical environmental limit for phosphorus (CEL-P) in vineyards, in the southern region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Soil samples were collected at 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-40 cm soil depths, in vineyards aged 22, 36, and 60 years, and in the area of an adjacent native forest. The following parameters were analyzed: granulometry, pH in water, and exchangeable Al levels, to obtain potential acidity and Al saturation; and available levels of P and K, and exchangeable levels of Ca and Mg, to determine base saturation, cation exchange capacity; and soil organic matter (SOM). In comparison with the forest soil, the vineyard soils showed increased pH values, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and SOM levels, and base saturation, as well reduced Al saturation, with more accentuated effects in areas with the longest cultivation time. The vineyards show changes in soil chemical properties with time and P levels above the CEL-P, at least in one of the soil layers.

RESUMO O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de biossólido de lodo de esgoto, submetido a tratamento térmico, no estabelecimento de espécies herbáceas (aveia preta, ervilhaca e azevém) e nos atributos químicos e microbiológicos de um solo degradado pela mineração de carvão. O experimento foi instalado em área degradada pela mineração de carvão, localizada no munícipio de Treviso (SC), sendo os tratamentos compostos pelas concentrações de 0, 6,25, 100, 250 e 500 Mg ha-1 de biossólido, em parcelas de 2×2 m. Foram cultivadas espécies de aveia preta, ervilhaca e azevém de maneira consorciada, avaliando-se os parâmetros das plantas e os atributos químicos do solo nas profundidades 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm. O biossólido proporcionou a elevação do pH do solo e o aumento dos teores disponíveis de P, K e carbono orgânico total e não influenciou na colonização micorrízica, na respiração basal do solo e na nodulação radicular. O uso do resíduo biossólido como substrato em áreas degradadas é uma alternativa para sua disposição final pela economia ao utilizá-lo como fertilizante, além dos benefícios ambientais, associados ao seu uso.

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of sewage sludge biosolid concentrations, submitted to thermal treatment, in the establishment of herbaceous species (black oats, vetches, and ryegrass) and in the chemical and microbiological attributes of a soil degraded by coal mining. The experiment was installed in an area degraded by coal mining, in Treviso/SC, with treatments composed of concentrations of 0; 6.25; 100; 250; and 500 Mg ha-1 of biosolids, in 2×2 m plots. Species of black oat, vetch, and ryegrass were grown in a consortium manner, evaluating the plant parameters and chemical attributes of the soil at depths 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm. The biosolids provided improvements in soil fertility, such as pH elevation, increased levels available of P, K, and total organic carbon, in addition to not influencing mycorrhizal colonization, basal soil respiration, and root nodulation. The use of biosolid waste as a substrate in degraded areas is an alternative to its final disposal due to the economy when using it as a fertilizer, in addition to the environmental benefits associated with its use.

ABSTRACT It is common for vineyards in regions of high altitude to have high organic matter content in soil. Furthermore, reduced miner alization of organic matter and decomposing residues is expected because of the low temperatures. Thus, soils may not provide enough mineral nitrogen (N) to meet the needs of the grapevines and so the application of N sources is necessary, but may affect yield and must composition. The study aimed to evaluate yield and must composition of grapevines subjected to N application in soil with high organic matter content and the relationship with temperature and rainfall. The study was conducted in crops sea sons 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 in a vineyard located in the city of Água Doce, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. The treatments consisted of N doses (0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1) supplied via urea. Leaves opposite to the cluster were collected at full flowering and at veraison. Afterwards, the leaves were dried, ground and submitted to N analysis. Parameters of yield and must composition were evaluated. The dose of maximum technical efficiency in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines was reached with 46 kg N ha-1 year-1 in crop season 2012/13. Leaf N content was a sensitive parameter to the application of N doses in the soil and underwent seasonal variation in relation to rainfall distribution. The N doses reduced total soluble solids (TSS) contents in the must. Based on principal component analysis, we found a correlation between total N content in leaf and accumulated rainfall, as well as between yield and temperature.

RESUMEN Los viñedos ubicados en regiones altas poseen suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica. Sin embargo, debido a la baja temperatura se espera menor mineralización de la materia orgánica. De esta forma, los suelos pueden proporcionar menos cantidad de nitrógeno (N) mineral, respecto a los requerimientos de la vid. Por eso, es necesaria la aplicación de nitrógeno que puede afectar la productividad de la vid y la composición de la uva. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la productividad y la composición del mosto de la vid sometido a la aplicación de N en suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica y la relación con la temperatura y la pluviometría. El estudio fue realizado durante las campañas de los años 2011/12, 2012/13 y 2013/14, en un viñedo ubicado en el municipio de Agua Doce, Santa Catarina, región sur de Brasil. Los tratamientos fueron diferentes dosis de N (0, 20, 40, 80 e 120 kg N ha-1), suministrados con urea. La dosis de máxima eficiencia técnica en la vid Cabernet Sauvignon fue alcanzada con 46 kg N ha-1 año-1 en suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica. El contenido de nitrógeno en las hojas fue un parámetro sensible a la aplicación de dosis de N en el suelo es sensible a la distribución de las lluvias. El N reduce el contenido de sólidos solubles totales en el mosto. Con base en los principales componentes analizados, los resultados indican una correlación entre el contenido de nitrógeno total en las hojas y la precipitación acumulada, así como entre los rendimientos y la temperatura.

ABSTRACT Successive applications of swine manure can promote changes in soil physical attributes, with emphasis on the soil aggregation pathways. The objective of this work was to separate and quantify the aggregates according to their training path and to evaluate the stability of these aggregates in an area with a history of applications of pig slurry (PS) and deep litter (DL) in no-tillage system (NTS). After 10 years of use swine manure (SM) in oat/corn succession under NTS, undisturbed soil samples were collected in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers, in the treatments without SM (control), with application of PS and DL at doses equivalent to one and two times the recommended N for corn and oats (PS1X, PS2X, DL1X and DL2X, respectively). The aggregates were separated according to their morphological patterns and biogenic and physicogenic formation pathways. Then, weighted average diameter (WMD) of the aggregates and the distribution of the aggregates in the diameter classes for macroaggregates (8.0>Ø ≥2.0 mm), mesoaggregates (2.0>Ø ≥0.25 mm) and microaggregates (Ø<0.25 mm) in each type of aggregate were evaluated. The addition of SM increased the formation of biogenic aggregates. In the control area, the formation pathway of physicogenic aggregates prevails. The application of PS did not alter the WMD and the macroaggregates in relation to the control, while the application of DL increased these parameters when compared to the PS and control treatments.

RESUMO Aplicações sucessivas de dejetos suínos podem promover mudanças nos atributos físicos do solo, com ênfase nas vias de formação dos agregados solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi separar e quantificar os agregados conforme sua via de formação e avaliar a estabilidade desses agregados em área com histórico de aplicações de dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS) e cama sobreposta de suínos (CSS), em sistema plantio direto (SPD). Após 10 anos do uso de dejetos suínos (DS) na sucessão aveia/milho sob SPD, coletaram-se amostras indeformadas de solo nas camadas de 0-5 e 5-10 cm, nos tratamentos sem DS (testemunha), com aplicação de DLS e CSS em doses equivalentes a uma e duas vezes a recomendação de N para o milho e a aveia (DLS1X, DLS2X, CSS1X e CSS2X, respectivamente). Os agregados foram separados conforme os seus padrões morfológicos e vias de formação em biogênicos e fisiogênicos. Em seguida, avaliaram-se o diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) dos agregados e a distribuição dos agregados nas classes de diâmetro para macroagregados (8,00 > Ø ≥ 2,0mm), mesoagregados (2,0 > Ø ≥ 0,25mm) e microagregados (Ø < 0,25mm), em cada tipo de agregado. A adição de dejetos suínos aumentou a formação de agregados biogênicos. Na área testemunha prevalece a via de formação de agregados fisiogênicos. A aplicação de DLS não alterou o DMP e os macroagregados em relação à testemunha, enquanto a aplicação de CSS aumentou esses parâmetros quando comparada aos tratamentos DLS e Testemunha.

ABSTRACT Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content in granulometric fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) are sensitive indicators of soil quality changes caused by management systems. This study evaluated the C and N content in granulometric fractions of SOM of aggregates, an Inceptisol under onion grown in no-till vegetable farming systems (NTVFS) and conventional tillage systems (CTS), comparing them to a secondary forest. Treatments consisted of soil cover crops, monocropped and intercropped with onions grown under NTVFS: spontaneous vegetation, 100% black oats; 100% rye; 100% oilseed radish; oilseed (14%) + rye (86%) intercrop and oilseed (14%) + oats (86%) intercrop. The same evaluations were also performed in an area with onions grown under CTS for ± 37 years, and in secondary forest (± 30 years). Undeformed soil samples were collected from 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm deep soil layers, and aggregates were subsequently separated (8.00 mm > Ø ≥ 2.0 mm). Organic C (OC) and N of the granulometric fractions contents were quantified in aggregates, which were subdivided into particulate fractions (POC and PN) and mineral-associated fractions (OCam and Nam). NTVFS promoted protection of SOM at the 0-5 cm depth compared to CTS, as a result of higher POC content. Intercropped oats+oilseed and spontaneous vegetation contributed to an increase in PN content compared to all other treatments under NTVFS. Monocropped and intercroppped oilseed radish caused an increase in Nam, which was more effective than OCam to indicate differences among the systems. Conversion of areas from CTS to NTVFS promotes increases in POC and PN content in the upper soil layer. NTVFS improves the quality of aggregates, and it may reduce damage caused by CTS.

RESUMEN El contenido de carbono (C) y nitrógeno (N) en las fracciones granulométricas de la materia orgánica del suelo (MOS) es un indicador sensible de los cambios en la calidad del suelo causados por los sistemas de manejo. Este estudio evaluó el contenido de Cy N en fracciones granulométricas de la MOS de agregados, en un Inceptisol bajo cebolla cultivada en sistema de cultivo de vegetales sin labranza (SCVSL) y sistema de labranza convencional (SLC), comparándolos con un bosque secundario. Los tratamientos consistieron en cultivos de cobertura del suelo, monocultivos y consorciados con cebollas cultivadas bajo SCVSL: vegetación espontánea, 100% de avena negra; 100% de centeno; 100% nabo forrajero; consorcio de nabo (14%) + centeno (86%), consorcio de nabo (14%) + avena (86%). Las mismas evaluaciones se realizaron en un área con cebollas cultivadas bajo SLC durante ± 37 años, y en un bosque secundario (± 30 años). Se recogieron muestras de suelo no deformadas de capas de suelo de 0-5, 5-10 y 10-20 cm de profundidad, y los agregados se separaron posteriormente (8.00 mm> Ø ≥ 2.0 mm). Las cantidades de C orgánico (CO) y N de las fracciones granulométricas se cuantificaron en agregados, que se subdividieron en fracciones particuladas (PCO y PN) y fracciones asociadas con minerales (COam y Nam). SCVSL promovió la protección de MOS a una profundidad de 0-5 cm en comparación con SLC, como resultado de un mayor contenido de POC. La avena consorciada con nabo y la vegetación espontánea contribuyeron a un aumento en el contenido de PN en comparación con todos los otros tratamientos bajo SCVSL. El nabo forrajero en monocultivo y consorciado causó un aumento en Nam, que fue más efectivo que el COam para indicar diferencias entre los sistemas. La conversión de áreas de SLC a SCVSL promueve aumentos en el contenido de PCO y PN en la capa superior del suelo. SCVSL mejora la calidad de los agregados, y puede reducir el daño causado por SLC.

RESUMO No Brasil, a fim de minimizar o impacto da exploração de espécies arbóreas para fins comerciais em florestas nativas, plantios florestais têm sido implantados, majoritariamente, com espécies exóticas. A avaliação de tais cultivos quanto ao impacto proporcionado ao ambiente em atributos que podem garantir sua produtividade tem recebido maior atenção nos últimos anos, enquadrando-se neste contexto, o estudo de atributos microbiológicos. Deste modo, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os impactos de plantios florestais de Pinus sp. (pinus) e Araucaria angustifolia (araucária) sobre os atributos microbiológicos do solo e a estrutura da comunidade bacteriana, que podem funcionar como indicadores da qualidade do solo. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de solo em três áreas na Floresta Nacional de Três Barras (FLONA), Santa Catarina (SC): uma área de floresta nativa (F), uma área de reflorestamento com araucária (A) e outra com pinus (P). Posteriormente, foi realizada a caracterização química e física do solo, além das análises microbiológicas: respiração basal, atividade da enzima β-glucosidase e fosfatase ácida, , e análise da estrutura de comunidades bacterianas PCR-DGGE. Os solos das três áreas de estudo apresentaram baixa fertilidade, destacando a importância dos micro-organismos para a manutenção desses ambientes. A atividade da enzima β-glucosidase e da fosfatase ácida foi maior nas áreas F e A, sugerindo maior presença de micro-organismos importantes para a ciclagem de nutrientes. A análise da estrutura da comunidade bacteriana demonstrou que há uma baixa divergência entre as áreas de pinus e araucária. Pode-se concluir que, com base nos atributos microbiológicos e na estrutura de comunidades bacterianas do solo, em plantios florestais da Mata Atlântica, a araucária destaca-se como melhor alternativa para reflorestamento, visando a manutenção da qualidade do solo.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, in order to minimize the impact of native forest exploitation for commercial purposes, forest plantations have been implemented mainly with exotic species. The evaluation of these crops as to the environmental impact on attributes that can guarantee their productivity has received more attention in the last years, and in this context, the study of microbiological attributes. This paper assesses the impact of Pinus sp. (pinus) and Araucaria angustifolia (araucária) forest plantations on the microbiological soil attributes and the structure of bacterial communities, which can act as indicators of soil quality. Soil samples have been collected on three areas of the National Forest of Três Barras, in Santa Catarina (SC) state: one area of native forest (F), one area of reforestation with araucária (A) and one area of reforestation with pinus (P). Later on, the soil was chemically and physically characterized and the microbiological analyses were performed, as basal respiration, β-glucosidase and fosfatase enzymatic activity and analysis of bacterial community structure by PCR-DGGE. Low fertility was presented on all three soils collected, highlighting the importance of microorganisms in order to maintain this environment. The β-glucosidase and fosfatase enzymatic activity were higher on the areas F and A, suggesting a higher presence of important microorganisms for nutrients cycling. The analysis of the bacteria community structure resulted in low distinction between the pinus and the araucária areas. This paper presents that based on the microbiological attributes and structure of bacterial communities of soil, in forest plantations of the Atlantic Forest, it is possible to conclude that araucária is the best alternative for reforestation, aiming the maintenance of soil quality.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of Cu and Zn fractions in the profile of an Inceptisol by application of fungicides with a previous history of apple cultivation in southern Brazil. Stratified soil samples (0.0 – 0.025 m, 0.025 –0.050 m, 0.05 – 0.10 m, 0.10 – 0.15 m, 0.15 – 0.20 m and 0.20 – 0.40 m depth) were collected in two apple orchards (8 years old and 18 years old), and in a native pasture area adjacent to the orchards. The soil was subjected to analysis of physical and chemical properties and to chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn. The fractions of soluble, exchangeable, organic, residual and total Cu and Zn accumulated in the topsoil (0.0 – 0.025 m) of the orchards, being higher in the orchard cultivated for 18 years. Most Cu, especially in the topsoil of the 18 years old orchard, accumulated in the less stable organic fraction, which can potentiate toxicity to plants and transfer Cu e Zn to ground water. In deeper layers, Cu was also distributed in the residual and mineral fractions, which are more stable. Most Zn in the soil of the apple orchards was distributed in the mineral and residual fractions, which have low mobility and low potential toxicity to plants.

RESUMEN Se evaluaron los niveles de nitrógeno total (NT) y N de las sustancias húmicas (SH) de la materia orgánica en agregados de suelo cultivado con cebolla bajo siembra directa de hortalizas (SDH) y sistema de preparación convencional (SPC), comparando con un área de bosque. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: vegetación espontánea; 100% avena; 100% centeno; 100% nabo; cultivos asociados de nabo (14%) + centeno (86%); cultivos asociados de nabo (14%) + avena (86%); área bajo SPC de cebolla (±37 años) y de bosque secundario de ±30 años). Cinco años después de la implantación del SDH fueran recogidas muestras no disturbados del suelo en las capas 0-5, 5-10 y 10-20 cm y obtenidos los agregados (entre 2,0 y 8,00 mm). En estos se determinaron los niveles de NT y el N de las SH, subdivididos en fracción ácidos fúlvicos (N-FAF), ácidos húmicos (N-FAH) y humina (N-HUM). La conversión de áreas de SPC a SDH favorece el aumento de los niveles de NT y N-HUM en la capa de 0-5 cm. Entre las especies de plantas de cobertura utilizadas en el SDH, los cultivos asociados de avena + nabo favorecieron el aumento del N-HUM (0-20 cm) en comparación a los demás tratamientos. La avena solo y el control con vegetación espontánea aumentaron los niveles de N-FAH y N-FAF, respectivamente, en la capa de 10-20 cm, en comparación a los demás tratamientos en SDH y SPC. El SPC con mijo como planta de cobertura aumentó los niveles de N-FAF (0-20 cm) en comparación con el SDH.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil total nitrogen (TN), and N contents in humic substances (HS) of the organic matter in aggregates of soils cultivated with onion under no-till system for horticulture (NTSH) and conventional tillage system (CTS), comparing with an area of forest. The evaluated treatments were natural vegetation (control), 100% black oats, 100% rye, 100% oilseed radish, intercrop of oilseed (14%) + rye (86%), intercrop of oilseed (14%) + black oats (86%), area under CTS of onion for ±37 years, and area with secondary forest for ±30 years. Five years after the NTSH implementation, undisturbed soil samples from the layers 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm were collected; these samples presented aggregate sizes between 2.0 mm and 8.00 mm. The TN, and N contents of the HS were subdivided into fulvic acids (N-FA), humic acids (N-HA), and humin (N-HU) fractions. The change from CTS to NTSH increases the TN and N-HU contents in the 0-5 cm soil layer. The intercrop of oats and oilseed radish, used as soil plant cover species in NTSH, presented a greater increase in N-HU (0-20 cm) than the other treatments. Black oats, and natural vegetation presented a greater increased in N-HA, and N-FA contents, respectively, in the 10-20 cm layer, than the other treatments in NTSH and CTS. CTS with millet as soil plant cover presented a greater increase in N-FA (0-20 cm) contents than the NTSH treatments.

ABSTRACT Sandy soils of the Campanha Gaúcha region have naturally low levels of available phosphorus (P), which is why special attention to pre-planting fertilization is important. However, there are no studies that enable a proper calibration method to determine P content available in soil for young grapevines. The study aimed to evaluate phosphorus fertilization for young grapevines of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir in order to provide support for the recommendation of P in sandy soils. In October, 2011 we applied six doses of P (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr-1) in soil and transplanted cultivars of Chardonnay (experiment 1) and Pinot Noir (ex-periment 2). The design of each experiment was randomized blocks with ten plants and three replications. We evaluated P content in the soil and leaves. We determined plant height, stem diameter and dry matter of the pruned material from crop seasons 2011/12 to 2014/15. The addition of increasing P doses elevated P content available in soil three years after implementing the experiments, but exclusively in doses above 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 in Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, respectively. However, P content in soil for every applied P dose remained below sufficiency level, and therefore growth parameters and leaf P content were virtually unaffected.

RESUMEN Los suelos arenosos de la región Campanha Gaúcha son naturalmente bajos en contenidos de fósforo (P) disponible, por lo que requiere una atención especial con la fertilización previo a la siembra. Sin embargo, aún no existen trabajos de investigación que permitan una calibración adecuada para determinar el contenido de P disponible en suelos para el cultivo de vides viníferas jóvenes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la fertilización fosfatada en las variedades jóvenes de vid Chardonnay y Pinot Noir a fin de sugerir dosis a la recomendación de P, en suelos arenosos. En Octubre de 2011 fueron aplicadas seis dosis de P (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 y 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 año-1) en suelo y transplantadas las variedades Chardonnay (experimento 1) y Pinot Noir (experimento 2). El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos al azar, con tres repeticiones, y diez plantas. Fueron evaluados los contenidos de P en el suelo, en hojas, altura de plantas, diámetro del tallo y materia seca del material podado durante las cosechas del 2011/12 a 2014/15. La adición de dosis crecientes de P incrementó el contenido de P disponible en el suelo después de los tres años del establecimiento de los experimentos cuando las dosis fueron superiores de 40 y 60 de P2O5 ha-1 en las variedades Pinot Noir y Chardonnay, respectivamente. En todos los estados los contenidos en P en suelo, fueron suficientes, por lo tanto, el crecimiento y contenido de P en las Hojas, no fueron afectadas.

RESUMO: Solos cultivados com videiras possuem alto teor de cobre (Cu) disponível, que pode ser tóxico às plantas de cobertura do solo que coabitam vinhedos, como a aveia preta. O estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da calagem na redução da toxidez por Cu em plantas de aveia preta cultivadas em solo arenoso. Amostras de um Argissolo Vermelho foram coletadas na camada de 0-20cm, secas e submetidas à adição de duas doses de Cu (0 e 50Mg kg-1) e três de calcário (0, 1,5 e 3,0Mg ha-1). O solo foi acondicionado em rhizobox e submetido ao cultivo de aveia preta durante 30 dias. Avaliaram-se a produção de matéria seca das raízes e da parte aérea, o teor de cobre (Cu), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg) nos tecidos; o teor de Cu no simplasto e apoplasto das raízes, e os teores de Cu, de carbono e valores de pH no solo rizosférico e não rizosférico. A aplicação de calcário reduziu a toxidez por Cu na aveia preta. O Cu foi preferencialmente acumulado nas raízes, especialmente no apoplasto, o que pode ser resultado de mecanismo de tolerância das plantas para evitar o transporte de parte do elemento para a parte aérea.

ABSTRACT: Soils which are cultivated with grapevines have high available copper (Cu) content, which can be toxic to cover crops cohabiting vineyards, such as black oats. This study aimed to assess the effect of liming in reducing Cu toxicity in black oats grown in sandy soils. Samples of a Typic Hapludalf were collected at 0-20cm, dried and subjected to the addition of Cu (0 to 50Mg kg-1) and limestone (0, 1.5, and 3.0Mg ha-1). The soil was placed in a rhizobox and black oats were grown for 30 days. We assessed root and shoot dry matter production, copper (Cu), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents in the tissues; Cu content in the root symplast and apoplast, as well as Cu, carbon and pH values in the rhizosphere and bulk soil. Liming reduced Cu toxicity in black oats. Cu was preferentially accumulated in the roots, mostly in the apoplast, which may be the result of a plant tolerance mechanism to prevent the transport of Cu to the shoots.

ABSTRACT: Organic fertilization effect on physical-chemical properties in no-tillage systems in tropical soils has been widely investigated, but little is known about the effects of this practice on the mineralogy of the clay fraction. This study aimed to evaluate the clay-fraction mineralogy of two subtropical soils, fertilized with organic residues in long-term no-tillage systems. An Alfisol fertilized with 0, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1 yr-1 pig slurry was evaluated for eight years, and an Oxisol with 0, 8, and 16 Mg ha-1 of wood shavings with pig slurry, for six years. Soil samples from the layers 0.00-0.04, 0.04-0.08, and 0.16-0.20 m were collected and subjected to chemical extractions with DCB and oxalate, X-ray diffractometry, and thermal analysis. No mineralogical changes in the clay fraction were observed in either the Alfisol or Oxisol. The chemical dissolution data indicated no significant differences among the tested treatments with regard to the re-precipitation of low-crystallinity oxides. However, the increase in zinc extracted by DCB and zinc extracted by oxalate in the treatments with residue application was clear. The crystallinity data efficiently indicated the effects of residue rates on soil mineralogy only in the Alfisol; the increasing slurry rates induced a reduction in the percentage of hematite, increase in the percentage of goethite, increase in the Gt/Gt+Hm ratio and decreased the mean crystal diameter of goethite and hematite.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das aplicações de dejetos líquidos de suínos no teor de Al trocável, na atividade e na distribuição das espécies químicas de Al na solução do solo. Amostras de um Argissolo foram obtidas de um experimento conduzido durante oito anos, com 19 aplicações de 0, 20, 40 e 80 m3 ha-1 de dejetos líquidos de suínos. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em camadas, para determinação do Al trocável e extração da solução do solo pelo método da pasta de saturação. Na solução, foram determinados as concentrações dos principais cátions e ânions, o carbono orgânico dissolvido e o pH. A distribuição das espécies químicas de Al e a atividade da espécie Al3+ foram obtidas pelo programa Visual Minteq. A aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos não altera o teor de Al trocável no solo e a atividade de Al3+ na solução do solo. A baixa atividade de Al3+ nas camadas superficiais não apresenta risco de toxidez para a maioria das culturas. A adição de dejetos líquidos de suínos aumenta a proporção das espécies AlHPO4 + e AlSO4 + na solução do solo, por incrementar a concentração de ligantes inorgânicos solúveis.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pig slurry applications on the exchangeable Al content, activity, and distribution of Al chemical species in the soil solution. Soil samples of a Typic Hapludalf were obtained from an experiment conducted during eight years, with 19 applications of 0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry. The soil samples were collected in stratified layers to determine exchangeable Al content and to extract the soil solution by the saturated soil paste method. The concentrations of the main cations and anions, dissolved organic carbon, and pH in the soil solution were determined. The distribution of the chemical species of Al and the activity of the Al3+ species were obtained through the Visual Minteq software. The application of pig slurry does not change the exchangeable Al content in the soil and the Al3+ activity in the soil solution. The low Al3+ activity in the topsoil layers does not present risk of toxicity for most crops. Pig slurry applications increase the proportion of the AlHPO4 + and AlSO4 + species in the soil solution, by increasing the concentration of soluble inorganic ligands.

ABSTRACT Applications for long periods of organic animal waste as a source of nutrients to crops can contaminate the soil and the surface and subsurface waters. This study aimed to evaluate how the utilization of organic waste, after successive applications, affects P fractions in the soil and consequently environmental contamination. In an experiment conducted for 8 years, totaling 12 applications with pig slurry manure (PSM), liquid cattle manure (LCM), swine deep bedding (SDB), and mineral fertilizer (NPK), 460; 505; 1.111; and 535 kg P∙ha−1 were added to the soil through PSM, LCM, SDB, and NPK, respectively. In September 2012, soil samples were collected in the layers 0.0 – 0.04; 0.04 – 0.08; 0.08 – 0.12; 0.12 – 0.16; 0.16 – 0.20 m, prepared and subjected to a sequential chemical fractionation of P. The 12 applications of pig slurry, liquid cattle manure, swine deep bedding and NPK fertilizer for eight years (urea + triple superphosphate + potassium chloride) provided accumulations of P fractions in the soil that were above the necessary for a proper nutrition to plants considering the available P fractions (AER + organic NaHCO3 + inorganic NaHCO3) in the soil. In addition, they showed that the use of swine deep bedding, followed by pig slurry, means higher levels of available P fractions in the soil. In this sense, the establishment of a dosage of organic waste to meet the nitrogen need of crops is not an environmentally appropriate parameter. It may cause P accumulation in the soil, increased absorption ability of plants and soil support, contributing to environmental contamination.